The demand of accurate and pleasant image reproduction for displays has been important in recent years. Being limited by their small dynamic range, however, the usual displays can hardly reproduce the actual luminance of real scenes effectively. In response to the requirement of displaying image contents with higher dynamic range and better luminance accuracy, the high dynamic range (HDR) displays have been developed. Differing from the traditional standard dynamic range (SDR) displays, the HDR displays generally have higher peak brightness and lower minimum luminance level, thus providing a wider dynamic range to reproduce more details of the presented images or videos. To reproduce HDR contents, both HDR signal source and HDR display device are necessary. The former provides the scene’s real luminance information when being captured, and the latter uses a device-independent electro-optical transfer function (EOTF), namely perceptual quantizer (PQ), to convert the electric source signal to the optical output signal, producing the same luminance as recorded in the HDR image contents. The previous studies have pointed out that the HDR image contents have obvious advantages over the SDR image contents. On the other hand, the large-size OLED HDR displays have been developed, which can present very low blackness and rather high perceptual contrast. Thereby it is desiderated to investigate and further compare the performances of HDR displays with different coloring technologies as well as the external and internal factors that affect the display quality.
In this project, a series of psychophysical experiments were carried out to evaluate the image quality of three HDR TVs with different luminous mechanisms and panel technologies, and further to discuss how the image attributes and viewing conditions impact the overall preference of the observers for the HDR displays.
Figures
Figure 1. The color gamuts of the three test displays as well as sRGB and DCI-P3 for comparisons at CIE1976 u’v’ diagram.
Figure 2. Setup for subjective experiment (top view).
Figure 3. Overview of the involved test images. The rows of images correspond to the attribute of (a) Peak brightness, (b) Blackness, (c) Colorfulness, (d) Gradation, in which the former 3 are for High gradation and the others are for Low gradation, (e) Contrast, (f) Reality, and (g) Artifacts.
Figure 4. The overall results of the static image test (scale value method). The figures represent viewing conditions of (a) dark, front view, (b) dark, side view, (c) 200 lx ambient lighting, front view, and (d) 200 lx ambient lighting, side view.
Figure 5. The CV (coefficient of variation) values of image attributes and overall preference between individual and average in the condition of dark and front view.
Figure 6. The grand total scale value scores of the static image test for 3 displays: (a) the average image attributes scores, and (b) the overall preference scores.
Figure 7. scale value results of image attributes and overall preference for individual test images in the condition of dark and front view.
Publication
2017 SID’s Display Week: International Symposium, Seminar & Exhibition, Los Angeles, California, USA. (http://displayweek.org/)
S. Miller, M. Nezamabadi, and S. Daly, “Perceptual signal coding for more efficient usage of bit codes,” J. SMPTE Motion Imaging, vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 52–59, 2013.
P. Hanhart, P. Korshunov, T. Ebrahimi, Y. Thomas, and H. Hoffmann, “Subjective quality evaluation of high dynamic range video and display for future TV,” J. SMPTE Motion Imaging, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2015.
“EG 432-1:2010 – SMPTE engineering guideline – digital source processing #x2014; Color processing for D-cinema,” SMPTE EG 432-12010, pp. 1–81, 2010.
IEC 61966-4, “Colour measurement and management in multimedia systems and equipment,” International Electrotechnical Commission, 2000.
用一句话概括 CDP 存在的意义:CDP 表征了成像系统对物理世界辐射信号差异的复现能力(原文:CDP is a metric to describe the performance of an imaging system to reproduce contrasts in the physical scenes)。
ISO 12232:2019 Photography — Digital still cameras — Determination of exposure index, ISO speed ratings, standard output sensitivity, and recommended exposure index.
Robin B. Jenkin, Comparison of Detectability Index and Contrast Detection Probability. 2019
Lukas Ebbert, Implementierung von CDP: Entwicklung eines Programmiercodes in Python zur Untersuchung und Messung von CDP bei Fahrerassistenzkameras. 2018
写这篇文章的原因有二:一是在我的学位论文中有一部分内容需要涉及图像噪声模型,正好这几天读完 Radiometric CCD Camera Calibration and Noise Estimation,权当记录备忘;二是因为搜了一圈发现目前网上基本没有对相机传感器噪声的数学模型进行详尽介绍的中文资料,所以也算是做一点微小的工作,填补这一块的空白吧 🙄
我使用这种方法对 Nikon D3x 和 SONY A7 两台相机 G 通道的整体噪声方差 $\sigma_N^2(i,j)$ 进行了估计,结果如下图所示。实验时我使用均匀白板作为拍摄对象,并根据 ISO 的不同对光源的强度进行了调解以确保 raw 图像中的响应值尽可能占满有效位深,同时将拍摄张数 $n$ 设定为16。
Glenn E. Healey and R. Kondepudy. Radiometric CCD camera calibration and noise estimation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 16.3 (1994): 267-276.
Berthold K. P. Horn and Robert W. Sjoberg. Calculating the reflectance map. Applied optics. 18.11 (1979): 1770-1779.
Metamer mismatching is a phenomenon that two objects, which are colorimetrically indistinguishable under one lighting condition, become distinguishable under another one. Due to the unavailability of spectral information, metamer mismatching introduces an inherent uncertainty into cameras’ color reproduction. To investigate the degree of image quality degradation by the metamer mismatching, a large spectral reflectance database was collected in this study to search the object-color metamers sets (OCMSs) of the spectra in hyperspectral images. Then metamer-degraded images were constructed and compared with the ground truth images by directional statistics based color similarity index image quality assessment (DSCSI-IQA) metrics to evaluate the perceptual image degradation. The results indicate that the object-color metamer mismatching has only little impact on the image quality degradation, whereas the inappropriate selection of color correction matrices involved with the illumination metamerism is the primary factor for the accuracy decrease in the digital camera color reproduction.
Figures
Figure 1. Flowchart of the constructions of object-color metamer set (OCMS) and metamer-degraded images.
Figure 2. The spectral power distributions of 20 test illuminants. Blue solid line: 8 practical illuminants in Table 2. Yellow dashed line: the corresponding daylight series sources. Red dotted line: the corresponding 4-channel LED sources.
Figure 3. Spectral sensitivity functions of 3 test camera models. From left to right: Canon 60D DSLR, Nikon D80 DSLR, and PointGrey Grasshopper 50S5C industrial camera.
Figure 4. Degraded images and the corresponding color difference maps of “Painting” under the test illuminant F8 for Nikon D80 DSLR. (a) The ground truth image. (b) Metamer-degraded image with 0th percentile degree (i.e., root-polynomial color corrected image without the object-color metamer mismatching). (c) With 50th percentile degree. (d) With 95th percentile degree. (e) CAT02 color corrected image. (f) Inappropriate color corrected image by a daylight source-based color correction matrix.
Figure 5. DSCSI-IQA scores with different degrees of metamer mismatching for 3 test camera models.
Figure 6. DSCSI-IQA scores with different degrees of metamer mismatching for 8 practical test illuminants.
Publication
Jueqin Qiu, Haisong Xu, Zhengnan Ye, and Changyu Diao, “Image quality degradation of object-color metamer mismatching in digital camera color reproduction,” Appl. Opt. 57, 2851-2860 (2018)
G. Wyszecki and W. S. Stiles, Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, vol. 8 (Wiley New York, 1982).
D. K. Prasad and L. Wenhe, “Metrics and statistics of frequency of occurrence of metamerism in consumer cameras for natural scenes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 32, 1390–1402 (2015).
I. Nimeroff and J. A. Yurow, “Degree of metamerism”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 185–190 (1965).
A. D. Logvinenko, B. Funt, H. Mirzaei, and R. Tokunaga, “Rethinking colour constancy”, PloS One, 10, e0135029 (2015).
X. Zhang, B. Funt, and H. Mirzaei, “Metamer mismatching in practice versus theory”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 33, A238–A247 (2016).
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Feel free to contact me with any suggestions/corrections/comments.
Metamerism is the phenomenon that two object colors, which are colorimetrically indistinguishable under one lighting and viewing condition, become distinguishable under another condition. Since the number of channels of an RGB camera is less than that required to represent the spectral information, the variation of either the captured object or the illuminant may introduce color reproduction errors when transforming device-dependent RGB values to device-independent stimuli. In this study, we collected and utilized a large spectral reflectance database to investigate the color reproduction errors corresponding to the object-color metamerism, and employed a spectrally tunable LED light source to generate spectral power distributions (SPDs) that were metameric to a specific illuminant to analyze the reproduction errors corresponding to the illuminant metamerism. The image quality assessment (IQA) metric was adopted to evaluate the degree of image distortion caused by the two types of metamerism. The IQA results indicate that, compared with the illuminant metamerism, the object-color metamerism has little impact on the accuracy of color correction, and consequently the acquisition of the SPD of the illuminant is the critical factor for high-fidelity color reproduction.
Figures
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the reconstruction of the color corrected images $I_\textrm{ideal}$ as well as the distorted image $I_\textrm{OCM}^k$ by the object-color metamerism.
Figure 2.The SPDs of the 8 test illuminants (blue solid line) with the daylight metamers (black dashed line) and 4-channel LED metamers (red dotted line). From left to right, top to bottom: CIE-A, D50, D100, CWF, F8, TL84, LED, and iPhone Flash. Note that CIE-A and TL84 have no daylight metamer since their CCT are below 4000K.
Figure 3. The DCSCI scores of two degrees of the object-color metamerism and two types of the illuminant metamerism.
Publication
AIC2017: The 13th International AIC (Association internationale de la Couleur) Congress, Jeju, Korea. (http://www.aic2017.org/)
Andersen, C. F. and Connah, D. 2016. Weighted constrained hue-plane preserving camera characterization, IEEE Trans. Image Process, 25(9) 4329–4339.
Prasad, D. K. and Wenhe, L. 2015. Metrics and statistics of frequency of occurrence of metamerism in consumer cameras for natural scenes, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 32(7) 1390–1402.
Hung, P. 2002. Sensitivity metamerism index for digital still camera, Photonics Asia 2002, 4922(2002) 1–14.
Qiu, J. and Xu, H. 2016. Camera response prediction for various capture settings using the spectral sensitivity and crosstalk model, Appl. Opt., 55(25) 6989–6999.
Zhang, F., Xu, H. and Wang, Z. 2016. Spectral design methods for multi-channel led light sources based on differential evolution, Appl. Opt., 55(28) 7771–7781.
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Feel free to contact me with any suggestions/corrections/comments.